Variations of sediment organic phosphorus and organic carbon during the outbreak and decline of algal blooms in Lake Taihu, China.

In this study, sediment organic phosphorus (OP) and organic carbon (OC) in Lake Taihu, China, as well as their relationships, were analyzed during the outbreak and decline of algal blooms (ABs) over a five-month field study. The results showed synchronous temporal changes in the sediment OP and OC contents with the development of ABs. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the sediment OP and OC (p < 0.01), suggesting simultaneous deposition and consumption during the ABs outbreak. The sediment OP and OC contents decreased significantly at the early and last stages of the ABs outbreak and increased at the peak of the ABs outbreak and during the ABs decline. These temporal variation patterns suggest that the sediment OC and OP contents did not consistently increase during the ABs outbreak, even though algae are an important source of organic matter in sediments. The depletion or enrichment of OC and OP in sediments may also depend on the scale of the ABs outbreak. The obtained results revealed significant differences in the sediment OC and OP contents between the months (p < 0.05). In addition, OP in the sediments was dominated by orthophosphate diester (phospholipids and DNA-P) and orthophosphate monoester during the ABs outbreak and decline, respectively. The active OC contents and proportions in the sediments in the ABs outbreak were significantly lower than those observed in the ABs decline period, demonstrating the significant impacts of the ABs outbreak and decline on the sediment OC and OP in Lake Taihu.

Effects of heavy rain on the concentrations and forms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in urban rivers of northern China.

Non-point source pollution caused by rainfall runoff is an important pollution source for river water. To explore the impact of heavy rain on urban river water environments, this paper studied the changes in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels, composition, and structure in the river water of Kaifeng, China, during the heavy rain in July 2021. The results showed that the concentrations of different forms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus all increased under the effect of the heavy rain. The increase of phosphorus in the river was the largest, and that of carbon was the smallest. The most significant pollution from carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus occurred in the HJ River. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was present in the form of macromolecules after the rain, and the degree of humification was deeper compared with before the rain. But heavy rain did not affect the CDOM composition in urban rivers. The spectral slope (SR) and the absorption coefficient at 240 nm to 420 nm (E2/E4) values showed that the CDOM was dominated by exogenous input after the rain, with endogenous pollution again becoming the main factor one week after the rain.

Effect of algal blooms outbreak and decline on phosphorus migration in Lake Taihu, China.

Algal blooms (ABs) can affect the migration of phosphorus (P) among sediments, interstitial water and overlying water. It is important to analyze the characteristics of P and their interactions in the three media during ABs. A 5-month field study (June to October in 2016) was conducted in Zhushan Bay of Lake Taihu. P fractions, P adsorption characteristics and P diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface (SWI) were investigated. During the outbreak period of ABs from June to August, labile P concentrations in the sediment measured by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT-labile P) and its diffusion fluxes across the SWI increased significantly. The equilibrium P concentration (EPC0) of the sediment was higher than the PO43--P concentration in the overlying water. During the period of decline of ABs from September to October, the concentrations and diffusion fluxes of DGT-labile P sharply decreased. However, the sediment total P (TP), overlying water TP, total dissolved P (TDP) and PO43--P concentrations increased. These results show that the ability of sediment solids to supplement interstitial water labile P was significantly enhanced by the outbreak of ABs. Labile P was then intensively released into the overlying water by interstitial water. Degraded algae became a crucial P source during the period of decline of ABs. P from the degraded algae was re-released to the sediment and overlying water. The observed DGT-labile P and DGT-labile Fe coupling in June, September and October confirmed the Fe redox-driven P release mechanism in sediment during these periods. The decoupling of DGT-labile P and DGT-labile Fe was observed in July and August and was probably caused by algal decomposition, labile organic P degradation and/or sulfate reduction in sediment stimulated by the ABs outbreak.

Response of organic phosphorus in lake water to environmental factors: A simulative study.

Transformation of organic phosphorus (P) is directly related to a range of environmental factors, therefore exploring their relationships is vital to understanding the biogeochemical cycling of P and its significance in eutrophication of lake waters. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to simulate the organic P transformation in the water under the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and phytoplankton growth. Results showed that the transformation rate of total organic P increased with temperature, ranging from 0.02 to 0.25 mg L-1 day-1 at 5 °C, and from 0.04 to 0.72 mg L-1 day-1at 30 °C. The transformation rate of total organic P was significantly higher under anaerobic conditions than that under aerobic conditions at 20 °C and 30 °C, indicating that DO is a more important factor for the transformation of total organic P at the high temperature. However, different compounds of organic P responded differently to environmental factors. The change of orthophosphate monoester (Mono-P) content was consistent with that of total organic P when the temperature and DO were the same, but the transformation rates of phosphonate and DNA in the water were less affected by changes of temperature and DO. Additionally, the transformation rate of Mono-P was increased by the growth of phytoplankton when it was used as a P source. Although the relationships between alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and organic P are complex, ALP may be the main factor affecting the transformation of organic P at lower temperatures.

[Characterization of Phosphorus in Urban Surface Soils in Kaifeng City and Its Risk of Loss].

Characterization of phosphorus (P) and its risk of loss in urban soils in Kaifeng City, Henan Province were studied through field sampling and laboratory experiments. The spatial distribution of P and the map of risk of loss were obtained using geostatistical and spatial analysis techniques. The P content in urban soils ranged from 400 to 1427 mg·kg-1, the proportions of inorganic P in total P ranged from 65% to 99%, and Olsen-P and CaCl2-P in soils were 3.41-115.03 mg·kg-1 and 0.01-9.40 mg·kg-1, respectively. The composition of P was consistent in different urban areas and P concentrations were higher in residential areas. Spatial variations in P concentrations in soils were significant; the concentrations of P in eastern Kaifeng City were higher than those in western Kaifeng and the highest concentrations were detected in central Kaifeng. Olsen-P can be used as an indicator of the leaching risk of soil P. The critical value of leaching P from the soil was 22.18 mg·kg-1 and the concentration of Olsen-P in 33.64% of urban soil samples exceeded the critical value. The highest risk of P loss existed in central Kaifeng City.

Variations of different dissolved and particulate phosphorus classes during an algae bloom in a eutrophic lake by 31P NMR spectroscopy.

Characterization of phosphorus (P) pools is vital to understanding the contribution of P to water eutrophication. In this study, dissolved and particulate P classes during an algae bloom in Lake Taihu, as well as their relationships with the main environmental factors, were analyzed based on solution 31P NMR. The results showed that dissolved P was dominated by orthophosphate (Ortho-P) in heavily polluted regions and by orthophosphate monoester (Mono-P) and orthophosphate diester (Diester-P) in lightly polluted regions, indicating that the main dissolved P classes varied with the degree of lake pollution. The difference in the temporal variation patterns of dissolved P classes revealed that dissolved Ortho-P is the preferred class, and its concentration may be affected by major primary producers. It also revealed that dissolved Mono-P is prone to accumulation under the effects of algal blooms, especially in heavily polluted regions. The main particulate P classes were similar to those of dissolved P, but their variation trends were the same in different lake regions. There were significant positive correlations between the major particulate P classes and Chl a during the majority of the sampling period, indicating that living algal cells have a major contribution to particulate P. Obvious temporal variations of P classes may affect the bioavailability and dynamics of P in the water of Lake Taihu, but the particle reactivities of the main inorganic and organic P classes were similar. Therefore, they have little effect on P partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases.

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu. II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation.

The understanding of organic phosphorus (P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level, but such information in sediment profiles is scarce. A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu (China), and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA (NaOH-EDTA) solution. The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate, orthophosphate monoesters, phospholipids, DNA, and pyrophosphate. Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth. Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years, following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids > or = DNA > pyrophosphate. Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P (NaOH-NRP(HA)), a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed. This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids, while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu. I: Chemical forms and their transformation.

Organic phosphorus (nonreactive P, NRP) is a major component of P in sediments, but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited. The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu, a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China, were investigated. Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique, including easily labile NRP (NaHCO3-NRP), reactive metal oxide-bound NRP (HCl-NRP), humic acid-associated NRP (NaOH-NRP(HA)), fulvic acid-associated NRP (NaOH-NRP(FA)) and residual NRP (Res-TP). There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools, which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded. Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP. The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.

[Refining sample preparation procedures for solution 3P-NMR analysis of organic P in sediment].

Solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-NMR) is a novel technology in characterization of organic phosphorus (P) composition in sediments. This study was aim to refine sample preparation procedures for 31P-NMR, including determination of sample pretreatment, extraction time, sample to extractant ratio and concentration method. The results showed that recovery of P with air dried sample treatment was higher than that for the fresh samples. Most of the P was extracted within the first 8 hours, and the time could extend to 12 to 16 hours in order to improve the recovery of P. Using the extraction ratio [m(sediment): V(extractant)] of 1:8 received more spectral signals compared to 1:20 when both the extracts were concentrated at the same time. No evident loss of P was found when the extract was concentrated at 28 degrees C followed by centrifugation under low temperature.

Caution needed in pretreatment of sediments for refining phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis: results from a comprehensive assessment of pretreatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Pretreatment with chemicals such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is often used to improve the analysis of sediment P with solution P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (35P-NMR), but there is a lack of a comprehensive assessment of the methodology. In this study, the effects of EDTA pretreatment on sediment P extracted using a mixture of 0.25 mol L(-1) NaOH and 50 mmol L(-1) EDTA (NaOH-EDTA) were examined with 45 different sediments. The results showed that EDTA pre-extraction decreased the amount of P extracted by NaOH-EDTA when the concentration ratio of sediment Ca to the sum of sediment Fe and Al [Ca/(Fe+Al), on a wt/vol basis] was lower than 0.4. An increase in total extracted P, coupled with substantial increases in total extracted paramagnetic ions such as Fe and Mn, was observed for another group of sediments with Ca/(Fe+Al) > 0.5, possibly due to the matrix effect. Analysis of 16 representative sediments with 31P-NMR showed that orthophosphate diesters were substantially removed by EDTA pre-extraction for sediments with Ca/ (Fe+Al) between 0.4 and 0.7, reflecting a high risk posed by this pretreatment. Phosphorus diversity and concentration of individual P compounds were markedly improved for sediments with Ca/(Fe+Al) > 0.7, suggesting that EDTA pretreatment was particularly useful for 31P-NMR analysis of calcareous sediments. The present study showed that sediment properties played an important role in determining pretreatment effects. Caution is advised when applying pretreatment methods to different sediments.

Organic phosphorus species in surface sediments of a large, shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China.

Organic phosphorus (P) fractions in surface sediments from a large shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, were extracted with 0.1 M NaOH after pre-treatment of the sediments with a solution composed of 0.1 M EDTA and 2% (w/v) Na(2)S(2)O(4). Composition of organic P in the extracts was then characterized by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P NMR). Several P species, including phosphonates, orthophosphate, orthophosphate monoesters, phospholipids, DNA, pyrophosphate and polyphosphate, were detected in the NaOH extracts. The proportion of extracted organic P to total P in sediments was negatively correlated with total P in the water column, as were the proportions for orthophosphate monoesters and DNA. This implies that the majority of organic P in surface sediments is likely stabilized in some way, and does not directly contribute to the internal loading of P from sediments.

[Algal-flocculation removal by modified sediment of Taihu Lake in wind action].

Removal effects of cyanobcateria algal cells in chitosan-mediated in-situ-sediment in the sediment resuspension was studied in the laboratory. The research simulated the sediment suspension through quantitative simulated the middle-grade wave of lake Taihu, which usually experienced, by using the Y-type sediment resuspended generator. The results showed that the blue-green algal's removal effect is 93.55% and 99.19% as the dosage adding of chitosan and sediment were (0.100 + 0.200) g x L(-1) and (0.150 + 0.200) g x L(-1), respectively. The removal rate of turbidity of the water body reached 78.60% after still 30 min, in which the chitosan adding dosage was 0.150 g x L(-1); the removal rate of turbidity achieved 93.88% after 8 h of water body still. Furthermore, adding the chitosan could decrease the PO4(3-) -P concentration of water body in a short term. Preliminary results showed that the chitosan which adding dosage was 0.15 g x L(-1) could effectively remove the cyanobacteria cells in middle-grade wave situation; and also indicates using the chitosan-mediated sediment to flocculate the algal bloom of the Taihu Lake has a better application prospect. Contrast study shows that the quantitative simulation method of hydrodynamic intensity and the height of water has the obvious advantage to determine the dosage of chitosan in algal-flocculation removal.